Aspergillosis in birds: causes, symptoms and treatment
Aspergillosis is a serious fungal infection that affects the respiratory system of birds. It is caused by the fungus Aspergillus, which is found in the environment, especially in damp and mouldy food, bedding and dusty conditions. The disease can be acute or chronic and, if left untreated, can be fatal.
How do birds get aspergillosis?
Fungi of the genus Aspergillus occur naturally in the environment, but they multiply in warm, humid conditions. Birds most often come into contact with these pathogens through contaminated food or bedding, or by inhaling spores from the air.
The most common causes of infection include:
Poor ventilation and high humidity where the birds are kept
Mouldy food and contaminated seeds
Poorly maintained cages and aviaries with built-up organic matter
Weakened immunity due to stress, poor diet or other diseases
Long-term use of antibiotics that disrupt the natural microflora
Symptoms of aspergillosis in birds
Symptoms can vary depending on the severity of the infection, and the disease can affect the respiratory system, skin or internal organs.
Respiratory symptoms
The fungus primarily attacks the lungs and air sacs, causing:
Laboured breathing and difficulty swallowing
Sneezing and sniffling
Open-beak breathing
Hoarseness or loss of voice
Bluish skin and mucous membranes due to lack of oxygen
General symptoms
As the infection progresses, the bird may show:
Lethargy and loss of appetite
Weight loss
A swollen abdomen due to involvement of the internal organs
Behavioural changes, reduced activity and lack of interest in surroundings
In more severe cases, aspergillosis can lead to neuromuscular symptoms, including spasms, loss of coordination and paralysis.
How is aspergillosis diagnosed?
Vets diagnose aspergillosis using:
X-rays – to see changes in the lungs
Endoscopy – to examine the respiratory system and take samples
Laboratory tests – to confirm the presence of fungi in the body
Early diagnosis is key to successful treatment, as the symptoms are often non-specific and can resemble other respiratory diseases.
Treating aspergillosis in birds
Treating aspergillosis can be long and demanding, especially if the disease is already advanced. The usual approach is a combination of antifungal medication, immune support and better living conditions for the bird.
Antifungal therapy
Vets prescribe antifungal drugs such as itraconazole, voriconazole or amphotericin B. These drugs act against fungi, but they need to be given over a longer period to be effective.
Supportive therapy
Besides medication, birds can be given additional support through:
Oxygen therapy – to ease breathing in severe cases
A better diet rich in vitamins and minerals
Fluids and electrolytes to prevent dehydration
Improving husbandry conditions
To prevent the infection from coming back, it is important to:
Ensure good ventilation where the bird is kept
Remove damp and mouldy materials from the cage and its surroundings
Clean the cage regularly to reduce fungal spores
Give only fresh, good-quality food that is free of mould
How to prevent aspergillosis in birds?
Prevention is the best way to protect birds from aspergillosis. Some key steps include:
Keeping the cage and aviary clean – removing waste regularly and disinfecting the area
Avoiding damp and mould – good ventilation and dry bedding
A proper diet – fresh, nutrient-rich food to strengthen immunity
Avoiding stress – birds with a strong immune system are more resistant to infection
Conclusion
Aspergillosis is a serious disease that can threaten a bird's health, but timely diagnosis and treatment can greatly improve the chances of recovery. Cleanliness, a proper diet and reduced stress are key to preventing this disease. Bird owners should be aware of the symptoms and act immediately if they notice signs of breathing problems in their pets.